Treaty Day

Treaty Day History

Treaty Day in Nova Scotia commemorates the historic treaties signed between the Mi'kmaq people and the British Crown. The observance serves as a vital reminder of the importance of these treaties in the foundation and the ongoing relationship between Indigenous peoples and the government of Canada. As a celebration of peace, friendship, and cooperation, Treaty Day embraces the mutual understanding and respect for one another's traditions, cultures, and histories.

Treaty Day traces its origins back to 1752, when the Treaty of Friendship and Peace was signed between the Mi'kmaq Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope and Governor of Nova Scotia Peregrine Hopson. The treaty events continued through the late 1700s and early 1800s, which played a crucial role in shaping the present-day relationship between the Mi'kmaq Nation and the Canadian government. Treaty Day holds significance for all Canadians as it fosters awareness and appreciation for the rich cultural heritage of Indigenous peoples, and strengthens the bonds between diverse communities within the nation.

Treaty Day, celebrated annually on October 1st, is marked by a range of activities that highlight the Mi'kmaq culture and their contributions to both Nova Scotia and Canada as a whole. The observance commences with a flag-raising ceremony, followed by a church service, speeches, and the presentation of the Grand Chief Donald Marshall Senior Memorial Elder Award. The day is also filled with a variety of traditional customs and unique festivities, including feasts, cultural displays, and pow-wows, bringing communities together in a spirit of unity and mutual respect.

Top 10 Facts for Treaty Day in 2026

• The theme for Mi’kmaq History Month, which begins on Treaty Day, is Healing and Wellness, guiding the focus of commemorative events and community reflections throughout the period.
• The annual observance serves as a formal opportunity to celebrate the enduring bond of friendship and respect between Indigenous and non-Indigenous communities in Nova Scotia.
• Celebrations typically include a combination of solemn and festive events, such as a church service, a flag-raising ceremony at Government House, a Veterans’ Parade of Honour, and an awards ceremony.
• Treaty Day was first proclaimed in 1986 by Grand Chief Donald Marshall Sr. to commemorate the special relationship between the Mi’kmaq people and the Crown.
• The date of October 1st was specifically chosen because the historic Treaty of 1752 designated it as the day for the Crown to provide gifts to the Mi’kmaq to renew their friendship and submissions.
• Mi’kmaq History Month was officially established in 1993 through a proclamation by then-Premier John Savage and Mi’kmaq Grand Chief Ben Sylliboy to further promote public awareness of Mi’kmaw culture and heritage.
• The Peace and Friendship Treaties, which this day honors, were signed between the British Empire and the Mi’kmaq between 1725 and 1779 and did not involve the surrender of land or resources.
• The Supreme Court of Canada’s 1985 ruling in James Matthew Simon v. the Queen was a pivotal moment, confirming the validity of the 1752 Treaty and paving the way for the establishment of Treaty Day the following year.
• The concept that 'We are all Treaty People' is central to the educational efforts of the day, emphasizing that treaties are living documents that continue to shape the lives of all Nova Scotians.
• The Union of Nova Scotia Mi’kmaq plays a leading role in organizing the day’s activities, ensuring that festivities reflect Mi’kmaw beliefs regarding the obligations and significance of their treaty rights.

In the News and Trending for Treaty Day

Top things to do for Treaty Day

• Celebrate with parades, concerts, or feasts. Many of these events are held throughout Nova Scotia.
• Learn more about the indigenous nations of Canada.
• Watch a video highlighting Treaty Day 2020.
• Read The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict, Bicentennial Edition by Donald R. Hickey.